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 D y n a s t i e s o f E g y p t    The pharaohs were the rulers of ancient Egypt, the peace keepers, builders, warriors and commanders. They stabilised the people, their land and kept harmony for more than 2 700 years.

Dynasties

The Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt ﻿were spread out over six periods:
 * Earl﻿y Dy﻿nastic
 * Old Kingdom
 * First Intermediate
 * Middle Kingdom
 * Second Intermediate
 * New Kingdom
 * Third Intermediate
 * Late Period

The Early Dynastic period started when Egypt was united by Menes, according to some cultural artefacts while others state that it was Narmer, who is shown on the Narmer Plate wearing the crown of unified Egypt. This period contains the first two dynasties. The first dynasty had nine pharaohs and the second has five known pharaohs with some uncertain.

The Old Kingdom contains the dynasties three to six. The capital of Egypt at that time was Memphis The first pharaoh of the third dynasty, Djoser, built the first pyramid in Egypt, which was a step pyramid. The fourth dynasty is known as the golden age of the Old Kingdom. There was peace and Egypt grew economically and started trading with other empires. The fourth dynasty was also an age of architecture and pyramid building. Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, the builders of the Pyramids at Giza are also part of this dynasty. Khufu's father, Sneferu, the first pharaoh of the fourth dynasty, is mainly remembered for moving from step to sloping pyramids. Some of his most famous pyramids are the Red Pyramid and the Bent pyramid, which were able to be built by the huge slave force that he captured from raids in Nubia and Libya.

The fifth dynasty had some religious significance because the belief in Ra and Osiris grew and funeral prayers were found on tomb walls. The sixth dynasty pharaoh Pepi I set up mines which mined for turquoise and copper. He also sent trade missions into the land of Punt, Byblos and as far as Iraq. The fifth pharaoh, Pepi II, is known to be the monarch longest reign, ruling for 94 years. He is unbeaten to this day. Pepi II became pharaoh at the age of six and lived to be centurion.

The First Intermediate consists of dynasties seven to eleven. Not much is known about the seventh, eight and ninth dynasties. It is believed to be the breaking up of the pharaohs authority. There are six pharaohs in the eight dynasty and eleven in the seventh dynasty. What we do know is that Egypt had split back into Upper and Lower sectors. A large part of the eleventh dynasty worked on reuniting Egypt which they did. The reunion of Egypt marks the end of the First Intermediate period.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; line-height: 21px;">The Middle Kingdom period of Egypt consists of dynasties twelve to fourteen with a part of the eleventh dynasty. The twelfth dynasty was the most stable dynasty before the New Kingdom Period. The pharaohs of this dynasty conquered many empires and expanded Egypt's borders. There was also a female ruler in this dynasty, Queen Sobekneferu. She was also the last Pharaoh of the twelfth dynasty. The thirteenth dynasty was where a lot of the expanding done by the twelfth dynasty was lost. To the south, forts and garrisons were lost to a growing Nubian state of Kush. To the north, Asiatic people settled <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">and were proving a threat. While the thirteenth dynasty was underway, a fourteenth dynasty was started by independent kings and that was when the Asiatic people, now known as Hyksos, attacked. They form the fifteenth dynasty at the start of the Second Intermediate period.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%; line-height: 21px;">The Second Intermediate period consists of the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth dynasties. The fifteenth dynasty was a Hyksos dynasty with five Hyksos rulers. The Hyksos did not control all of Egypt, only northern Egypt since they had come from the north-east. Also when the Hyksos invaded, Egypt split back into upper and lower halves. The Hyksos ruled for the sixteenth dynasty too until the rulers of Thebes formed their own dynasty which became the seventeenth <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">dynasty. The last two rulers of the seventeenth dynasty, Tao II and his son Kamose, fought of the Hyksos. Kamose died in battle and his son Ahmose I formed the Eighteenth Dynasty, the start of the New Kingdom.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The New Kingdom of Egypt consists of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth dynasties. The eighteenth dynasty is home to some of the most significant or famous pharaohs like Tutankhamun, Hatshepsut, Ahmose I, Akhenaten and Tuthmosis III. Ahmose I reunited Egypt and expelled the Hyksos people and rebuilt Egypt's foundations. He opened and reopened mines and established trade routes. Ahmose's son, Amenhotep I's mummy is the only royal mummy that has not been examined. Amenhotep was succeeded by his son, Tuthmose I, who was the first pharaoh to definitely have a tomb at the Valley of the Kings. Tuthmose I also fought off many rebellions from Nubia and expanded Egypt's borders. Tuthmose II, son of Tuthmose I reigned next followed by his wife, Hatshepsut. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;"> Hatshepsut and Tuthmose II's son, Tuthmose III, co-ruled. He also <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">served as the head of the army. After Hatshepsut's death, Tuthmose III ruled for around 55 years including the years with Hatshepsut. In that time he made Egypt larger than it had ever been, going on seventeen conquests where he is said to have captured 350 cities. Tuthmose III was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep II and he was succeeded by his son, Tuthmosis IV who excavated the Sphinx and put the Dream Stele on its paw. It might also have been used by him to explain why he became pharaoh since Amenhotep II did not chose him to be heir. Tuthmose IV also finished building the tallest obelisk ever erected in Egypt, which was started by his father. Tuthmose IV was followed by Amenhotep III who was succeeded by Akhenaten, who abandoned the religion of Amun and changed it to Aten. He also moved the capital to Armana, but it was abandoned when his son, Tutankhamun, changed back to worshipping Amun and the old gods. Tutankhamun died at a young age without any heirs, so his vizier, Ay, took over and ruled for a short time before he died. He was followed by the last pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty, Tutankhamun's chief of army, Horemheb. Horemheb died with no heirs and brought the eighteenth dynasty to a close.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The nineteenth dynasty's first pharaoh, Horemheb's vizier, Paramesse, was appointed heir as a reward for his loyalty and because Paramesse had a son and grandson. Paramesse changed his name to Ramses I and ruled for two or three years. He was succeeded by his son, Seti I. Seti I's greatest achievement was recapturing the Hittite town of Kadesh which had been lost since Akhenaten, even though the Hittites reclaimed their city because they were no troops stationed there permanently. His son and successor, Ramses II or Ramses the Great did try to capture the city but failed. Ramses II was succeeded by his thirteenth son, Merneptah, because all the elder brothers had died because of Ramses' long reign. Merneptah was almost sixty by the time he ascended to the throne. After Merneptah's death, a war broke out between the heirs. A man called Amenmesse became pharaoh for four short years, though it's disputed who his parents were. he was followed by the actual heir chosen by Merneptah, Seti II, who did his best to remove evidence of Amenmesse. Seti II was succeeded by Siptah, whose father is unknown. Study of Siptah's mummy shows that he had a deformed and crippled left foot and might have suffered from Polio. Siptah was succeeded by Seti II wife, Twosret, who ruled for a year. She was the last pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The twentieth dynasty is home to the pharaoh Setnakhte, and the pharaohs Ramses III through to Ramses XI. Setnakhte was the first pharaoh of the twentieth dynasty and was not a son of Twosret or Siptah. It is unknown how he became king or if he is a royal or commoner. He was succeeded by his son, Ramses III who had to fight of Sea Pirates and attacks from Libya. There was also an assassination attempt on Ramses III life by one of his wives, Tiye. It was about the next pharaoh because Ramses had chosen a son from another wife to be king and Tiye wanted her son, Pentaweret to become pharaoh. It is unknown if Ramses III died because of the plot, but the chosen heir, Ramses IV, did ascend to the throne. Ramses IV was the fifth son but became pharaoh because his elder brothers had died. He was followed by seven pharaohs who all took the name Ramses.

<range type="comment" id="852944"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Third Intermediate period consisted of dynasties twenty-one to twenty-five. Smendes was the first pharaoh of the twenty-first dynasty, which was a time where the pharaohs rule was second to the power of the High Priests of Amun at Thebes. The pharaohs of the twenty-first dynasty were mainly dominant in Lower Egypt since the High Priests of Amun at Thebes had more power than the pharaoh in Middle and Upper Egypt. A priest of the High Priests co-ruled before making his son, Psusennes I the Pharaoh. Psusennes I son ruled next before Osorkon the Elder became pharaoh. Osorkon was the first pharaoh of Egypt who was from Libya. Not much is known about him or how he became pharaoh. He was succeeded by Siamun who's parents or origin is unknown. He was succeeded by the last pharaoh of this dynasty, Psusennes II.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The twenty-second dynasty's first pharaoh was Shoshenq I, who was the Chief commander of Psusennes I's army. He was followed by his son Osorkon I whose reign was peaceful and prosperous. Shoshenq II, Osorkon's son, ruled next, followed by Takelot I. Takelot's son, Osorkon II, ruled approximately 40 years before his son-in-law, Shoshenq III, took control. During Shoshenq's rule Egypt broke back into Upper and Lower territories, with Shoshenq ruling Lower Egypt and Pedubast I ruling Upper Egypt. Shoshenq III was followed by Shoshenq IV, though it is unknown how he became pharaoh. Pami was the next pharaoh and was of Libyan descent. Shoshenq V was the last pharaoh of the twenty-second dynasty. He is believed to Pami's son but that is not 100% certain.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The twenty-third dynasty has nine or ten pharaohs starting with Harsiese A who ruled Upper Egypt the same time as Takelot I and Osorkon II ruled Lower Egypt. He was also Osorkon II cousin. Takelot II succeeded Harsiese A and ruled Middle and Upper Egypt. Pedubast I was next in-line to the throne followed by Shoshenq VI. Shoshenq VI was defeated by Osorkon III, who was the son of Takelot II. Osorkon was succeeded by his eldest son, Takelot III but before that they co-ruled for five years. Takelot III was succeeded by his younger brother, Rudamun, instead of his other sons. Rudamun was the last pharaoh of the twenty-third dynasty. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The twenty-fourth dynasty had only two pharaohs: Tefnakht I and Bakenranef. Tefnakht I chose Sais of Lower Egypt, as his capital and formed alliance with the neighbouring minor kings to control some of the Middle and Upper regions of Egypt. He also captured many of the cities in the delta region making him more powerful than many of the pharaohs of the past two dynasties. Tefnakht also managed to capture Memphis which angered the Nubian king who also ruled over Upper Egypt. The Nubian king, Piye, recaptured Memphis. Tefnakht's troops were surrounded by Piye's forces, so he sent a letter, surrendering and committing loyalty to Piye. Soon afterwords, Piye went back to Nubia and Tefnakht rebuilt his empire. After Tefnakht's death, his son Bakenranef became king and inherited his father's land. The twenty-fourth dynasty ends when Nubian king, Shabaka, attacked Sais and captured Bakenranef. Bakenranef was later burnt o death.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The twenty-fifth dynasty was founded by Piye, who ruled at the same time as Tefnakht I and defeated him. Piye returned to Nubia and died there while Tefnakht and his son regained power. They were defeated by Piye's son or brother(disputed), Shabaka who controlled all of Egypt and Nubia. Shabaka was succeeded by his nephew, Shebitku. Shebitku was succeeded by Taharqa, who was a cousin of Shebitku. It was during taharqa's reign that Egypt got invaded by the Assyrians. Taharqa fought and won against them once but three years later the Assyrians captured Memphis and members of the royal family. Taharqa fled south and the Assyrian leader went back to Assyria victorious. Taharqa died in Thebes and was succeeded by Tantamani, a son of Shabaka. Tantamani fought off remaining Assyrian troops and reoccupied all of Egypt. In return the Assyrians hammered Tantamani's troops and sacked Thebes. That was the end of Nubian Rule in Egypt and the end of the twenty-fifth dynasty.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">The Late Period in Egyptian history contains the twenty-sisth dynasty, the last native Egyptian Dynasty. It consists of six kings, starting with Psamtik I who reunited Egypt in his ninth year of reign. He was followed by Necho II who was succeeded by his son Psamtik II. Psamtik II fought the rising threat from Nubia and died in 589 BCE. His son, Apries, succeeded him. Apries was followed by two more kings. In the next few dynasties Egypt is ruled by Persians and Greeks.

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